Of Gramsci, Astrologers and Bikinis (Part 2 of 3)

By: Siyanda Pali

In a 1930 letter to his sister-in-law Tatiana, Gramsci once stated that he liked, "to have a concrete interlocutor or adversary." He alluded to the "polemic nature" of his intellectual framework in its entirety. Never has such a statement been so ironic for a people living in such an age as this.

The American-Canadian Economist Kenneth Galbraith once stated that," The only function of economic forecasting is to make astrology look respectable." That irreverent notion has probably never been so clearly illustrated as has been the case over the past 2 years. The Covid-19 pandemic has altered life as we know it. So illuminating has been the experience that this plague will go down in history as one of the most significant events of the 21st century.

Milky Way Galaxy (Hubble Space Telescope)

In November of 2019, I moved to Beijing, China with much aplomb and optimism. It was very much a summer month in South Africa, with its typical, frequent scorchers. However, just a few hours later, I had arrived to a chilly, snow-laden Beijing. I had never experienced such icy temperatures prior to my arrival there, so it's safe to say that my body had to adjust to this winter wonderland. Little did I know what awaited me just a few months along the path.

The Chinese Spring Festival, or the Chinese Lunar New Year, tentatively taking place between January and February of each year, is one of the biggest holidays in Mainland China. In fact, it's so gigantic there is no greater movement of people anywhere else on earth, with the holiday being dubbed the "world's largest human migration". About 385 million Chinese people made the trip to various cities within Mainland China in 2018. There is no doubt that similar numbers were on the cards for the year 2020, with many Chinese workers and students eager to spend the week-long holiday period with loved ones. However, in the background was brewing a crisis so devastating that the government was encouraging citizens to shelve such plans for fear of contagion going from bad to worse. 

There were murmurs of an epidemic which had gripped Wuhan, the capital city of China's centrally-located Hebei province. This respiratory disease, first detected around 31 December 2019, had such cataclysmic consequences that all of Wuhan was placed on lockdown. The death toll began to climb. Within a matter of days, lives were altered forever. The bustling city of Beijing, boasting a population of more than 20 million people, was almost reduced to pin-drop silence. Before we knew it, we would not be working on company premises following the Spring Festival, We would become experts at working online.

By the time the rest of the world reckoned with rising infection and mortality rates, we in China were already well-adept with this new reality. A part of this reality was the tsunami of massive lay-offs from companies which were simply crippled by, among other things, an inability to generate additional revenue in the prevailing conditions at the time, and having to adapt in such circumstances. The International Labour Organisation estimates that some 81 million jobs were lost in the Asia Pacific region alone as a result of Covid-19. Another aspect of this new reality was dealing with ruthless propaganda, which started to blame foreigners for the Coronavirus. Black people were especially mistreated, irrationally so, with some experiencing incessant police harassment, point-blank refusals for admissions at hotels, refusals to access basic services such as buses, forced evictions, with some being forced to find accommodation under the winds and rains of heaven, to sleep under bridges. Despite most imported cases being from Chinese citizens who had returned from abroad, some Africans or people of African descent were subjected to forced testing in 2020,despite having no travel history outside China, or interaction with infected people.

The impact of Covid-19 has also been significant globally. Nations such as Italy, Spain, the UK, and the USA were dealt a crushing blow by Covid-19, as their health systems were often strained to maximum capacity. The loss of life was and still is the greatest tragedy of all. 

The fallout both within China and abroad displayed idiosyncrasies of each nation, battling the same problem. A prime example of this was a test of whether one of the key pillars necessary for access to truthful and timeous information, free speech, was indeed on solid ground. Two cases in China specifically, those of Dr. Li Wenliang, a former Ophthalmologist at the Wuhan Central Hospital, as well as that of Zhang Zhan, a former lawyer and citizen journalist, hold clues for the global community. Dr Li had sent a message to fellow practitioners on 30 December 2019, in a bid to alert them of a potential severe respiratory syndrome resembling the SARS outbreak in Wuhan, and that they ought to protect themselves from infection accordingly. However, within a matter of days, the Wuhan Public Security Bureau ordered him to sign a statement in January 2020, which asserted that he had made disingenuous statements, and that he had disturbed the peace. Dr Li returned to his duties after signing this statement, where he contracted SARS CoV-2,allegedly from a patient. He lost his battle with the virus, and died on 7 February 2020, leading to an outpouring of support, as well as great vexation from Chinese citizens, a great servant of the people was no more. 

Around the same time that this was unfolding, citizen journalist and former lawyer Zhang Zhan gave first-hand accounts of what was taking place in Wuhan via her smartphone as the outbreak wreaked havoc. Her posts ceased in May 2020, with reports that she had been arrested. She was later convicted by a Shanghai court in December 2020 under a charge of "picking quarrels", and sentenced to 4 years imprisonment. Both Zhang Zhan and Dr Li unfortunately paid a heavy price for their erring on the side of truth in that society.

The recovery in 2020 was no less remarkable in Mainland China, with various measures implemented to manage the Coronavirus being rolled out in different cities and provinces accordingly. As such, it was disconcerting to many around the world to note that 2 years later, there were cities which had gone under lockdown, with food shortages and fatalities being reported in a city such as Shanghai, one of China's most developed cities, and a financial hub in Asia. 

To date, more than 500 million cases and 6.29 million deaths as a result of the Coronavirus have been reported globally. The big question, perhaps on the minds of many is: Why was the world so unprepared for such a disaster, and what lessons can be learnt? It is unfortunate that more than 2 years later, some countries are still battling to contain infection rates from the Corona virus. If the adage that "prevention is better than cure" is indeed true, what could be done to prevent a scenario such as the brutality of Covid-19 being unleashed upon humanity, even before it starts?

Perhaps there are industries in which remote work will be a permanent feature. It is not unforeseen that a hybrid model will suit others better, while some will seek to make full use of the advantages of face-to-face and in-person interaction. A silver lining is that the aviation industry, according to IATA (International Air Transport Association), forecasts passenger numbers to reach a 94% level of 2019 figures in 2022, as well as full recovery in 2023. Given our experience, perhaps it is prudent to use the Latin phrase common in Economics circles, ceteris paribus (all things being equal) when making forecasts. 

It was a grave concern that as Africans reported discriminatory behaviour and racism in Mainland China in 2020, as a result of the Covid-19 outbreak, the response from the African Union was underwhelming, conveying a lethargic and incoherent organisation at a moment of crisis for the countless Africans in China and elsewhere in the world. Such a culture needs to change. In spite of this, the pandemic also brought out the best in mankind, with solidarity and camaraderie which will live on in the hearts and minds of many, both in China and across the globe. 

There is no question that the world has experienced great upheavals over the past 2 years, with different nations offering different solutions to a catastrophe such a Covid-19, an enemy felt by all, and visible to none. However, it has become apparent that the world needs strong institutions which will ensure that human rights, human dignity and cooperation ought to remain paramount at all times.

Furthermore, the time is ripe to affirm that institutions which profess to serve all of humanity, such as  the United Nations, must reform as a matter of urgency, in order to ensure that Africa, a continent with a population of 1.4 billion people (16% of the world's population), has a permanent seat at the UN Security Council. The status quo, which paternalistically seeks to set the timetable for Africa's freedom and dignity, is untenable. 

Africa Month: Of Gramsci, Astrologers and Bikinis (Part 1 of 3)

By: Siyanda Pali

In approximately 1 year from now, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) will commemorate  60 years since its inception on 25 May 1963. Egypt will celebrate 69 years since its Revolution Day or National Day on 18 June of 1953. The Federal Republic of Nigeria will celebrate its 62nd year of independence in October of this year, as will the Federal Republic of Somalia on 1 July 2022. The Republic of South Africa marked 28 years of independence on 27 April of this year. These are all significant periods of time. With the hopes and dreams of 1.39 billion people in the balance, this is a befitting time as any to take stock. 

AU headquarters (africa.com)

On the eve of the 20th century, the last decade in particular, the Italian Marxist scholar, philosopher, theorist, thinker and writer Antonio Gramsci was born in Sardinha, Italy. The fourth of 7 sons to Francesco and Guiseppina Gramsci, he entered the world on 22 January 1891. As fate would have it, he was a man who would fight against the odds his entire life.

 At birth, and during the formative years of his life, he battled a disorder, Pott's disease, which caused a lump on his chest and his back. At the time, doctors were convinced this would be the end of him. Remedial measures for this included a harness with straps which girded his deformed frame from the armpit area, among others, from which he was hung from the ceiling as therapy. In the likely event of his demise, a coffin in which he was to be buried was stored by his parents in their house. This was the start of Gramci's life.  

In addition to his personal struggles, mostly related to his health, he also endured a period of family turmoil. His father was unceremoniously arrested for alleged embezzlement in 1898, which forced the young Gramsci to abort his plans to continue his education, finding work as a casual labourer in numerous jobs. He eventually completed his high school education in Cagliari, where he resided with his elder brother Genaro, then a staunch socialist with a military background. However, despite the obvious influence of his brother, the young Gramsci's intellectual posture was not that of a socialist, but rather that of Sardinian nationalism, borne of the discontent of the Sardinian peasantry such as miners by their rapidly developing northern neighbours, which was invariably repressed by the Italian mainland. 

It was in 1911 that Antonio Gramsci won a scholarship to study at the University of Turin. Aged 20, his stance shifted from that of Sardinian nationalism to that of a society divided along class lines: bosses and workers. Despite possessing academic and intellectual chutzpah, Gramsci discontinued his studies at the University of Turin in 1915 at the age of 25 due to mostly the blight of ill-health, financial difficulties as well as increasing political engagements, leaving the university having acquired a vast knowledge of philosophy and history. 

Gramsci later fell foul of Mousoulini's fascist regime, which led to his arrest in 1926, despite his parliamentary immunity, amid an imposition of emergency laws predicated by an alleged assassination attempt on Mussolini's life. The words uttered by the then prosecutor at the trial are perhaps the most famous words uttered at that time. They continue to capture the imagination of thinkers, readers, writers and scholars alike. "For twenty years, we must stop this brain from functioning", were the ironic utterances of the prosecutor. Little did they know that Gramsci's imprisonment would have the complete opposite effect on his intellectual prowess and productivity. He ended up writing more than 3000 pages of history and analysis, as well as more than 30 notebooks.

In the Communist Manifesto, Marx predicts that at some point, the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie. All they had to lose were their chains. He foresaw that they would then implement a new system of economic stratification. There's no doubt that some were hoping that this would be Communism. Perhaps others were hoping for Socialism. The Communist Manifesto was published in 1848. To the surprise of some Neo-marxist scholars, this did not take place in the west during the 19th century, neither did it occur in the 20th century. Why was it that people who were working in intolerable conditions, which may have very well inspired the Communist Manifesto in the first place, remain in such conditions? 

Friederich Engels made a scathing critique of Capitalism in his 1845 book "The Conditions of the Working Class in England". To his credit, it was based upon facts and evidence, which he dutifully gathered from parliamentary reports, chamber of commerce dispatches etc. His goal was to engage in his critique based upon an objective data framework. Engels noted, among other things, that, "They are given damp tenements, basement hovels or attic rooms that are neither water-proof from above or below. Their houses are built in a way that the moist air has no outlet..women made incapable of giving birth, children crippled, men weakened, limbs crushed, entire generations blighted, infected with emaciation and infirmity, merely to fill the purses of the bourgeoisie".  At a broader level, it raised questions about what happens in a society when the full might of the negative externalities of rampant industrialisation in the form of capitalism is at its zenith? It raised questions about basic labour rights in societies.

In spite of the above conditions of despair, Marx's prediction did not come to pass. It became clear among some thinkers and scholars that control over a population extended far beyond the hallowed halls of parliament. It became evident that political control is almost always predicated by cultural control. Gramsci also examines the concept of political control, exploring the question that when there is a dominant class or social group in a society, how does such a class or group rise to power? Why would the proletariat acquiesce to participating in a system which contributes to their repression or oppression? 

The answer to why the latter was true, according to Gramsci, was due to a concept which he referred to as Cultural Hegemony. Gramsci the thinker is probably most well-known for his work on Cultural Hegemony, which was an expansion of 'hegemony' as propounded by Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin, which described the political leadership of the working class in a democratic revolution. The root of the word 'hegemony' has it's origins from the Greek, which means, "to lead" or "to rule over" according to some translators. In ancient Greece, a hegemon then, was a state with an extraordinary military advantage over another state. It denoted the threat or possibility of physical dominance of one state by another. As such, if the weaker or relatively weaker state did not comply with the demands of the hegemon, they faced the probability of a certain unpleasant future event such as annexation, invasion, being burnt to ashes etc. 

The term 'hegemony' referred to the danger or possibility of physical dominance over a population.  As highlighted by Stephen West, in the modern era in which we live, the definition of hegemony needs to evolve to capture the reality of the status quo. Those who exercise power have come to know that military dominance is but one method of exercising control over a population, and that a far more effective means to do so, is by manipulating the cultural parameters which people have to circumnavigate. To be a human being, among other things, is to live within a certain culture. This then begs the question:  What is a culture? It is a set of norms, structures, ordinances, taboos, values. To paraphrase Stephen West, "it is the sum-total of all the rituals we engage with on a daily basis which all come together to create a cohesive society." To what degree, according to Gramsci, do the current norms and rules exist to reinforce themselves? To what degree do the current rules and norms exist in the minds of the population as nature in the world? To what extent is the reality of the world we live in attributable to nature, and how much of it is attributable to culture?  

The latter are incredibly pertinent questions because according to Gramsci, if a group or class can control the narrative, and convince the layman that the current set of cultural norms is a static, natural way in which the world is or works, there is little chance of protest, seeking justice or change. 

To explain nature, Jim Collins provides useful input in his book, "Good to Great: Why some companies make the leap, and others do not". He states," To use an analogy, the "Leadership is the answer to everything" perspective is the modern equivalent of the "God is the answer to everything" perspective that held back our scientific understanding of the physical world in the Dark Ages. In the 1500's, people ascribed all events they didn't understand to God. Why did the crops fail? God did it. Why did we have an earthquake? God did it. What holds the planets in place? God. But with the Enlightenment, we began the search for a more scientific understanding -physics, chemistry, biology and so forth. Not that we became atheists, but we gained deeper understanding of how the universe ticks. Similarly, every time we attribute everything to "Leadership," we're no different to people from the 1500s. We're simply admitting our ignorance. Not that we should become leadership atheists (leadership does matter)".

According to Gramsci, dominant social classes have the ability to dictate cultural norms. As such, those born in such societies tend to associate these cultural norms as nature. They often see things as 'the way the world is', something one ought to learn to accept. 

The latter, as per Gramsci, is the reason why Marx's prediction did not come true. It is why the proletariat never broke free from the chains which oppressed or suppressed them. They had accepted them as the "natural state of the world they lived in." 

According to Gramsci, cultural norms become the 'common sense' which the proletariat use to rationalise their position in the world. When the 'common sense' of one's world serves to justify the dominance of one class by another, with any reasonable critique made of the status quo met with the unsatisfactory response "that's how the world is" or "that's how the world works", ones very being becomes a pillar upholding cultural hegemony. Gramsci does not necessarily purport that life should be one without any exertion, challenge or difficulty. However, the more plausible question would be: how challenging, strenuous or difficult does life have to be? What aspects of one's life, accepted as culture, does one accept in their life, and as a result, only benefits in a highly skewed manner, the interests of a dominant group in a society? 

One of the best examples of this is the prevalence of overt and subliminal racism in a society. It permeates every aspect of everyday life, and navigating this is no small feat in South Africa, Africa or anywhere else in the world for that matter. 

In 1992, Nelson Mandela, Tito Mboweni and Saki Macozoma were part of a delegation which represented South Africa at the World Economic Forum in Davos. Mr Mandela was to appear with a panel of other speakers such as FW De Klerk and Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi. The then future Minister of Labour, Tito Mboweni and Saki Macozoma pursuaded Nelson Mandela to tone down his rhetoric on nationalisation. While at Davos, having caught wind of the ANC's economic plans, Li Peng, China's Premier at the time, requested the chairperson of the WEF to arrange a meeting with Nelson Mandela, during which he shared that from China's own experience, perhaps nationalisation was not the best route to take. This sentiment was echoed by the Vietnamese Prime Minister. After these discussions, Mandela beckoned to the ANC delegation that they ought to "forget this nationalisation thing, [and] focus on the basic needs of our people". Shortly afterwards, the team was off to South Africa, and following some deliberations and the Nasrec Conference, a policy document, 'Ready to Govern' was born.

What an awesome responsibility was placed squarely upon the shoulders of South Africa's first democratically elected government. In essence, they had to conceptualise a new country, after centuries of colonial and apartheid rule. Some aspects were handled masterfully, while others can and should be improved. 

The importance of Gramsci's work as a scholar is perhaps useful for not only South Africa, after 28 years of democratic rule, but also for the African continent, with the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) formed in 1963, and its successor, the African Union, formed in 2002 in Durban, South Africa. By pausing to consider what aspects of our lives in actual fact constitute nature and what aspects constitute culture, and deeply interrogate Gramsci's theory of Cultural Hegemony, perhaps we can make strides towards crystalising what our values are, ensuring that the national democratic revolution can find expression in South Africa, and across Africa. 

The Elephant in the Room

By: Siyanda Pali 

I studied Economics at the undergraduate level for various reasons. Among these, was to get an understanding of how the economic machine works, how and why societies make the policy decisions they do, as well as how societies develop.

 The curriculum had plenty of meat in it: Classical and neoclassical economic theory. It featured, among others, prominent American Economist Robert Solow, who famously asked, "Why are we so rich, and they so poor?" Robert Solow went on to develop his now world-renowned Solow Growth Model, a theory of economic growth which explains how societies achieve growth rates as a function of different combinations of population growth rates, savings and technological progress in a society. This was further explained by the Augmented Solow Growth Model. Other scholars such as Mankew, Romer and Whiel also featured prominently, and made significant contributions to the understanding of classical and neoclassical economic theory. 

(Siyanda Pali) Dream Town, Hangzhou, China

 It is perhaps common knowledge that Britain was the foremost country to undergo an industrial revolution in the 1700s, doubling its per capita GDP in 58 years. This was followed by the USA, which doubled its per capita GDP in 47 years from the year 1839. Japan was not too far behind, doubling its per capita GDP in 44 years from 1885. China reached a new lexicon, doubling its per capita GDP every 10 years since its reform period under Deng Xiaoping from 1978.

 Some of the most famous countries to date which are regarded as 'growth miracles' include Asian nations such as South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Japan, among others. There was no explicit "East Asian Model", as these nations adopted varying national strategies. Singapore and South Korea fostered interventionism, while Hong Kong followed a laissez-faire approach. They also prized relatively stable exchange rates and economic environments, and being wary of prolonged periods of high inflation. High savings and investment were promoted. Healthcare and education were bolstered, which improved the strength of the labour force. A technocratic cohort of beaurocrats was also empowered to manage the economy. 

 One of the most interesting characteristics of the Asian Tigers which may not be given as much attention in neoclassical Economic theory, is the fact that nations such as China, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan all had land reform programs after World War 2. China's land reform program under Mao Zedong was perhaps the most brutal. Wealthy landowners in China were on par with formerly landless peasants. If they were fortunate enough, the former were allowed to farm much smaller plots than they had previously owned. If they weren't so fortunate , they were beaten to death. 

 The Cultural Revolution also had some disastrous consequences. Intellectuals experienced a baptism of fire under Mao, with many being imprisoned. This repression of the intelligentsia invariably blighted China's ability to make full use of its human capital in that era.

 Of South Korea, Tony Michelle, states that "Land reform had been completed and the long-standing problem of rural unrest had been solved. Only unfavorable pricing policies prevented peasants from investing in their own land. There was a rise in demand for education at all levels. Illiteracy dropped from 78% in 1945 to 27.9% in 1960." Land reform in the above nations was a crucial bedrock for the massive increase in economic growth which followed. The relative equality in terms of ownership of assets proved to be an important step in the progress which was to be realised. 

 High levels of inequality do not augur well for any part of the world. The French, Russians and Americans have all had their own unique experiences in this regard. Sheryl WuDunn captures some of the geist of 19th century USA, noting that "The American dream was marred by appalling inequity, by gross manipulations of the political system, by lynchings, by bank collapses, by brutal repression of labour and leftist activists." According to the World Bank in March of 2022, my homeland, South Africa, has the world's highest levels of inequality, with 10% of the population owning more than 80% of the wealth. In direct proportion to this, the South African Department of Rural Development and Land Reform released a Land Audit report in November 2017, with its contents being a major concern. The report states that 72% of total farm and agricultural holdings by individual landowners were White, Coloureds own 15%, Indians owned 5%, while Africans, which constitute a majority of the population (around 80%) owned a paltry 4%. 

 Is the latter the reason behind the formation of uncouth elements such as Operation Dudula, a new far-right group which spreads anti-immigrant rhetoric and operates as a pseudo police force in South Africa's informal Settlements and townships, masquerading as an anti- narcotics unit which victimizes foreigners?

 Despite however supposedly noble it's intentions for its formation, Operation Dudula's modus operandi is patently unlawful, and makes a mockery of the rights of civilians. Furthermore, as with other far-right and extremist groups such as the Proud Boys in the USA, Pegida in Europe, Generation Identitaire in France, Operation Dudula and or its members completely ignore or misrepresent the facts in pursuit of their agenda. Crime, in its various forms for example, is not solely the preserve of migrants. This fact does not condone any criminal activity by migrants or foreign entities in South Africa. However, it is more plausible to be honest about the fact that social ills such as corruption, petty and organised crime know no gender, colour or creed. As far as this is concerned before the law, what's good for the goose is good for the gander. 

 To borrow from Robert Solow once again, technology and foreign investment are in fact lubricants for growth and development in a society. To be sure, the natives of a country deserve priority when it comes to talent meeting opportunity. However, migrants also bring their human capital, which benefits society at large. As a result, it is futile to harass innocent people who wish to utilize their skill, talent and intellect to improve their lives. It is also inhumane and a complete misrepresentation of the values of South African society. 

 The above was more eloquently expressed by former US President Ronald Raegan in his last speech as US President, stating that, "We lead the world, because unique among nations, we draw our people--our strength-- from every country and every corner of the world. And by doing so, we continuously renew and enrich our nation. While other countries cling to the stale past, here in America we breathe life into dreams. We create the future, and the world follows us into tomorrow. Thanks to each wave of new arrivals to this land of opportunity, we're a nation forever young, forever bursting with new energy and new ideas, and always on the cutting edge, always leading the world to the next frontier. This quality is vital to the future of our nation. If we ever closed the door to new Americans, our leadership in the world would soon be lost."

 Perhaps Operation Dudula has highlighted a complete lack of confidence in South Africa's state security apparatus, institutions such as the National Prosecuting Authority and the police to uphold their social contract with the citizens of South Africa: to protect the state and her citizens against nefarious elements, and to uphold law and order. The Operation Dudula phenomenon may also be a clear indication that some members of our society are highly dissatisfied with the trajectory of the development of South African society. It is indeed a moment of introspection for the powers that be. Either way, Operation Dudula is a vigilante group, and ought to be dealt with decisively for their vigilantism within the bounds of the law. 

 It goes without saying that the levels of inequality in South Africa are abnormally high. Perhaps this is a moment for South Africa to ensure that a systematic and just land reform program is realised. This was one of the first steps taken by the Asian Tigers post liberation from colonial rule, and with other reforms, led to a massive and sustained economic boom in those nations. Of China, Nicholas Kristof summarises this succinctly, "China's economic boom seems to have been a chemical reaction of sorts. The first ingredient was the Confucian heritage that emphasised education and savings. Then came the Maoist revolution that unified the country, broke the entrenched interests, divided up the land, and supplied financial and human capital. Third were the quasi-capitalist policies of Deng Xiaoping. None of these factors was enough by itself; in combination, they have been explosive. For all its cruelty, the Communist Revolution laid the groundwork for the economic revolution that came later." 

 South Africa abolished Apartheid in 1990, and has had a democratic government for 27 years. It is highly unlikely that an 'invisible hand' approach will deliver anything worth writing home about when it comes to South Africa's unacceptable levels of wealth inequality. Not only does South Africa need to urgently address an inequality crisis, it also needs to unlock all its latent potential, and to drive the nation into the future, one where wealth creation, among other things, can take place in an egalitarian society. With such demands, only the best technocrats in the public service and beaurocracy will do. A different country and a different continent is possible.

The Crocodile in the Yangtze River, Kuhn and a New Lexicon (Part 3 of 3)

By: Siyanda Pali

In 1962, Thomas Kuhn, who initially began as a Physicist and subsequently became a Historian and Philosopher of Science, published what was then a controversial but is now a highly influential book among scholars entitled, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." Leiden University Faculty of Humanities Lecturer of Metaphysics and Philosophy of Science, Victor Gijsbers, is certainly one of the best teachers of this subject I have ever heard. Alas, I digress. In his book. Kuhn postulates a theory for how science develops over time, mainly through 4 phases:

• The Pre-paradigmatic phase- which occurs only once in every field of science
• Normal Science
• Crisis
• Scientific Revolution

The latter 3 phases, Kuhn argued, happen all the time, with a return either to Normal Science or a clean break from the status quo by means of a Scientific Revolution.

Shanghai (chinalocaltours.com)

He also introduces the concept of a 'paradigm', which can be defined as all the theories, facts, methods etc, which a scientific discipline takes for granted and which guide scientific research in that discipline. 

The Pre-paradigmatic phase is the genesis of any scientific discipline, beginning without any mutually inclusive methods, theories and concepts. Scientists in this phase still need to come up with and develop the above eg the first historians were not in agreement about the correct way to write history. The earliest physicists didn't really know what terms to use when speaking about nature. Scientists in this paradigm can sometimes be poles apart. They do things differently, operate under different assumptions, have varying measurements and possess contrasting ideas about which problems are worth exploring. This, Kuhn believes, is an unproductive phase, because not only is collaboration for scientists synonymous to chiselling a rock with a Banana, it is also difficult to build upon the work of other scientists. It's a somewhat chaotic period until, for some or other reason (which can also be fascinating to explore), the next phase is reached. 

Normal Science then, is a state of affairs in which there is a generally accepted or upheld paradigm. In this phase, Kuhn states that scientists believe that it would be a waste of time to be critical about the paradigm e.g. Oxygen is an essential element for human life or that one Jan Van Riebeeck arrived in South Africa in 1652. He also notes that this is plausible because without it, no worthwhile or significant work or research could take place. This is the importance of a theoretical or methodological background. Within Normal Science, scientists are trying to solve puzzles within the rules of the paradigm. It is also common then, that within Normal Science, scientists come across an anomaly, a problem within the dominant paradigm which at the time, scientists are unable to solve. While Karl Popper would hold the view that anomalies are evidence of the falsehood of a theory and a paradigm, and both ought to be rejected outright as a result, Khun, on the other hand, believes that there will always be anomalies within a given paradigm in every sphere or scientific discipline i.e. things which scientists are unable to explain at the time within a given paradigm.

During Normal Science, according to Khun, scientists still possess a great deal of confidence that anomalies can and will be solved within a given paradigm. However, if the number of anomalies grows and scientists are unable to solve them within a given paradigm, this leads to a dearth of confidence in the paradigm and to the next phase, which is 'Crisis'. In this phase, scientists become critical of the paradigm and entertain the possibility of changing it. Radical and new thinking emerges as a result. The more prolonged a state of Crisis is, the more appealing fresh and radical ideas become. 

There are then 2 ways to end a Crisis. Scientists within the paradigm either need to solve the anomalies within the paradigm, which leads to a resurgence of confidence in the paradigm and Normal Science is then restored. Alternatively, the realisation of something else takes hold: a 'Scientific Revolution'. 

Within a Scientific Revolution, the old paradigm is rejected or abandoned by a great deal of scientists and a new paradigm gains traction and is supported by a large number of scientists. A new set of methods, theories and concepts become the standard which possess the potential to solve anomalies. Within a Scientific Revolution, one theory is forsaken, and another is embraced by the scientific community. This is what Kuhn refers to as a 'Paradigm shift'. These are very pronounced moments in history and have the potential to make an impact for decades or even centuries to come eg Aristotelian vs Newtonian vs Einsteinian science. It is important to note that, according to Kuhn, Normal Science is the rule and Scientific Revolution is the exception. Some of the most significant work is done in Normal Science. However, when a state of stagnation is reached, it is prime time for a period in which there is a high probability of a Scientific Revolution.

So, what does Alibaba have to do with Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions? Perhaps it is best, once again, to look at the life of the Founder of Alibaba, Jack Ma, for some answers. Alibaba is a companay born, to a large extent, due to Jack Ma's openness to new ideas, as well as the foresight, insight, drive, among other things, to bring the vision to fruition. There are numerous other invaluable components which were necessary to build the company into the behemoth which it is today, such as great talent, both from China and abroad, excellent Strategic Management, great leadership etc. Alibaba was an idea whose time had come and is a perfect example of the opportunities which exist before, during and after industrial revolutions. The 4th Industrial Revolution may very well cause significant disruption globally. However, one is fairly confident that nascent industries today eg Data Analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) etc will unlock a prodigious amount of opportunities in the future. It is also necessary for societies, invariably, to do some thinking about how the latter-mentioned for example (AI) should and could be utilised to best serve humanity, given Moore's Law for example.   

Perhaps it is fitting for me to also state another reason why I think Alibaba is a darling among so many. This reason is one of the primary reasons for my love and passion for technology and innovation: the ability to constantly engage great ideas and the immense value which the company creates for millions of people across the globe and the exponential potential to continue to do so over time.

One of the greatest tenets from the Alibaba story and that of Jack Ma specifically is that the human spirit cannot be catalogued. This is why it was possible for a former English Teacher to start and grow one of the largest technology companies the world over, directly and indirectly employing millions of people. I also think it is important to note that I am not advocating for the dogmatic stance that entrepreneurs or entrepreneurship is the only standard or measure of success we ought to aspire to. As important as they may be, we ought to delve deeper in our inquiry. If a global pandemic has not taught us that we ought to truly appreciate the diversity of gifts bestowed upon mankind, I'm not too sure what will. I do think it is more apt to strive for the creation of societies which allow people to express themselves, their talents and to fulfill their potential. 

The Crocodile in the Yangtze River, Kuhn and a New Lexicon (Part 1 of 3)

 By: Siyanda Pali

Hangzhou is a wonderful city situated on the east coast of China’s Zhejiang province. It’s the province’s capital city, with a vibrant population of no less than 10 million people and boasts numerous reasons as its claim to fame. Not only is it the home of the world-renown Grand Canal, a world heritage site which stretches all the way to Beijing, China's capital, the picturesque West Lake and Leifeng’s Pegoda, it is also the home of the mightiest crocodile in the Yangtze river: Alibaba.

Jiuxi, Hangzhou (Siyanda Pali)

Hangzhou is fantastic for several reasons as I have mentioned above. Perhaps one of the most noteworthy of these is because of its disposition to be an incredible hybrid between natural beauty and the city or urban life. One has the serenity and lush Jiuxi forest to explore as well as the Binjiang district, which has the stunning Qianjiang New Town, a modern metropolis. Equipped with a very good public transportation network, which encompasses, the Hangzhou Metro, busses and designated bicycle lanes, the city will also be the host of the 2022 Asia Games, which all bode well for the city’s future prospects.

Binjiang District, Hangzhou (Siyanda Pali)

It was in this city that in 1999, Jack Ma, a former teacher, and 18 co-founders started  Alibaba in his apartment. They were spurred on by the belief in the massive potential which technology and innovation, the electrifying force of the internet, had in playing a role to better enable small and micro-enterprises to connect producers with customers and markets both domestically and globally. From those humble beginnings, the Alibaba group has grown in leaps and bounds to become one of the world’s most significant players in the mobile and e-commerce space. In 2014, it debuted on the New York Stock Exchange and became the world’s largest IPO, raising $25 billion US. In 2020, the company and its subsidiaries also boast a presence in digital media, cloud computing and entertainment, amongst others. It is also listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, with revenues of up to RMB 509.7 billion or $72 billion US for the year ended March 2020. 

I was finally able to visit the company in August this year, adjacent to the Hangzhou Normal University CangQian campus. It was great to be at the headquarters of this brand which is now adored and admired by many across the globe. 

Perhaps it is apt for one to ask: What is it about Alibaba that has such an allure for many? What is it that induces such a great affinity for the company by so many? Depending upon who is being asked, one is likely to encounter different answers for different reasons. Among the main reasons for the above, besides its profitability of course, is the inspirational life story of Jack Ma himself. He befriended foreign tourists regularly over a 9-year period at the Hangzhou Hotel, which also gave him an opportunity to not only practice his English, but to also engage with different ideas. That single act, following his intellectual curiosity to learn English, has been one of the building blocks of not only his success, but also that of many others. Having struggled to find his footing for years in various pursuits throughout his life prior to starting Alibaba, he faced numerous setbacks. However, in his own words," I never gave up." The rest is history. 

Alibaba, Hangzhou (Siyanda Pali)

Having been fortunate enough to engage an Alibaba employee and friend of mine about what it is he enjoys or likes about the company, I was able to discover that not only was the compensation very good to excellent, the company culture was one that is appealing. Employees have a sense of freedom at the compay. Jack Ma has always maintained that at Alibaba, customers are first, employees are second, and shareholders are third. This flies in the face of conventional wisdom, propagated by one US Economist Milton Friedman, that the shareholder is the be all and end all of a company. Nevertheless, this orientation to ensuring that customers and employees are treated exceptionally well has paid dividends over the years. It's 6 new values are a succinct and powerful driving force:

1.  Customers first, employees second, shareholders third.
2. Trust makes everything simple.
3. Change is the only constant.
4. Today's best performance is tomorrow's baseline.
5. If not now, when? If not me, who?
6. Live seriously, work happily. 

Alibaba Values (Siyanda Pali)

Global GDP as projected by the IMF's World Economic Outlook will be around -4.9% in 2020. China's GDP figure has been affected by the above, shrinking by some 6.8% in the first quarter of 2020 in comparison to the same period in 2019. In a year which will very well be an annus horribillis for millions across the globe, mainly propagated by the Covid-19 global pandemic, Alibaba has managed, as have some technology companies, to increase revenues by a fair margin, 35.2% for the year ended March 2020. These annualised earnings are higher than those of other firms which are peers, similar to the USA's FANG (Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, Google) shares, BAT (Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent), with Baidu having reported a 7% decrease in annualised earnings in Q1 of 2020, and Tencent having reported a net gain of approximately 30%.

The Alibaba group has several strengths in its arsenal. Among these are its dominant market position within China. Alipay, for example, has a ubiquitous presence throughout China. You can expect businesses from as small as a street vendor to a large multinational to have either a WeChat Pay (competitor) or an Alipay QR code as an acceptable means of payment for goods and services. China, as a result, is incredibly close to being a cashless society. Alibaba also has a well-diversified product portfolio. Some of the other companies which form part of the Alibaba group include Taobao, which is China's largest C2C sales medium, as well as TMall, China's largest B2C online retail marketplace. It has also made strategic partnerships through mergers and acquisitions which have created synergies for its service offering. This is also coupled with an expanding wholesale and retail market in China. 

Some of the risks and challenges the company must navigate include strong competiton both domestically and globally from the likes of Baidu, Pinduoduo, Jingdong, Tencent, Google, Amazon etc, as well as not only operating in an era of protectionism, but also being able to grow revenues.

Other internal risk factors which the company needs to circumnavigate to maintain trust in the market, as stated in their 2020 annual report include:

• The quality and attractiveness of content available through their digital economy together with the value, quality and functionality of products and services
• The integrity of not only the company, but also its software providers, merchants, logistics providers, service providers and other participants in their digital economy
• An earnest endeavour to maintain high levels of service
• The safety and integrity of data on company platforms
• The fairness and effectiveness of rules governing company marketplaces and platforms
• The ability to protect intellectual property rights and consumers
• The company's ability to enable reliable payment and escrow via Alipay

There is no question that as a city, Hangzhou offers the best of both worlds: natural beauty which few cities can compare with. On the other end of the continuum, it boasts a buzzing metropolis, further fueled by a tech giant such as Alibaba, possessing a rich history in the world of start-ups and organic, technology companies. Alibaba, as have all companies in 2020, have had to negotiate a devastating period for humanity. In spite of the above, as well as other risks and challenges it faces, it has done fairly well in 2020, and continues to tread with caution in its currently tumultous environment. 

The Crocodile in the Yangtze River, Kuhn and a New Lexicon (Part 2 of 3)

 By: Siyanda Pali

The retail e-commerce space is a single but highly significant arena in which Alibaba is a market player. As is evident below, the arena has shown steady growth over the last few years, starting from 2014, with annual sales of aproximately $1.3 trillion USD to the estimated annual figure of $4.1 trillion USD in 2020. This figure is projected to soar to $4.9 trillion USD in 2021.

(Shopify)

The Coronavirus pandemic has upended traditional or conventional life as we know it. This has been the case not only for individuals, but also for all manner of business, organisations, countries and continents at large. It has also highlighted, rather fascinatingly, how different countries have provided different solutions for the same problem, with varying degrees of success. Similarly, different regions and countries have a specific profile when it comes to e-commerce sales. According to data by Statista, the 10 largest markets globally in terms of 2019 sales are as follows:

1. China ($740 billion USD) 
2. United States of America ($560 billion USD)
3. United Kingdom ($93 billion USD)
4. Japan ($87 billion USD)
5. Germany ($ 77 billion USD)
6. South Korea ($ 69 billion USD)
7. France ($ 55 billion USD)
8. Canada ($ 44 billion USD)
9. Russia ($ 19 billion USD)
10. Brazil ($ 16 billion USD)

From the above, it is clear that China, which is Alibaba's domestic market, is the world's largest e-commerce market, with aproximately $740 billion USD in sales in 2019. Not too far behind is the United States of America, at an estimated $560 billion USD. What is a pertinent insight to glean from the above is that of the 10 largest e-commerce markets globally, 3 are emerging market economies, namely China, Brazil and Russia.

(Search Laboratory)

From a strategy perspective, the latter-mentioned as well as the above could hold some keys for the captain of an e-commerce player. From the above, one can deduce that potential sales or significant opportunities exist in emerging markets, which could be a pre-cursor of the composition of the market in the future. Of the above, only Spain is an outlier, coming in at an annual growth rate which is below the global average of 9.6%. Every other country exhibits forecasts which will outstrip the global average. Leading the pack is India, with 19.9% estimated growth. This is followed closely by Indonesia at 17.7% as well as South Africa at 13.7%. Mexico, Turkey, China, Argentina, Saudi Arabia and Brazil are all expected to grow at between 10.7% and 12.6% for the foreseeable future. 

From the above, Alibaba's dominant market position in China is clearly evident. It had 58.2% of market share for the 2018 year. This is followed by Jingdong (JD.com) at 16.3% as well as Pinduoduo at 5.2%. What is rather interesting to see from the above is that Amazon China has been pulverised by Alibaba in China, with less than 1% market share in e-commerce sales. Fortunately or unfortunately, eBay has had similar fortunes in China, having to eventually exit the Chinese market. It goes without saying then, that within China, Alibaba's strongest competition comes from other domestic players such as JD.com and Pinduoduo.

Alibaba vs Amazon

Alibaba and Amazon are constantly paired together in the e-commerce space. This is, without a doubt, because the two are arguably the most influencial market players the world over. From the above, it is glaringly obvious that although Amazon may not possess any noteworthy market share in China, it is certainly a leader, or has positioned itself to be a leader, not only in the US, but in other markets globally. From the above, it is also clear that Amazon surpasses Alibaba in various streams of revenue in 2020 by several multiples, eg its core commerce revenue, cloud revenue as well as other revenue. However, when analysing operating profit, there is no distinct difference between the two companies, with about $1 billion US seperating the two.

 It is worth noting that the two companies seem to be pursuing different strategies in their approach to achieving their goals. Amazon seems to seek to control every aspect of the value chain, accumulating large amounts for PPE (Property, plant and equipment) for example, with it's massive distribution facilities. Alibaba, on the hand, seems to focus more on providing the technology which will enable the movement of goods between parties. Both models are certainly intriguing, and it will be interesting to see how both companies continue to serve their customers. 

A Tale of South African Universities

I spent a significant portion of my Heritage month between Johannesburg and Pretoria. This also meant invariably visiting my Alma mater, the University of Pretoria's main campus in Hatfield, out of necessity more than anything else. What used to be the CSC is now the SSC, a sign of changes which have taken place. This period of my Heritage month induced an incredible amount of nostalgia. However, in spite of being in the land of the Juksei River, Jacarandas and Solomon Mahlangu, not because of it, as a Writer, I have found it necessary to speak about an unpleasant chapter in my life.

Daily Maverick

The University of Pretoria will always have a place of significance in my life. It's a place where it all started for me. By 'it', I refer to the period of my life post high school: tertiary education, meeting some great lasses, and ultimately a working career. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, or so I thought. I have made life-long friendships which I will always cherish, among other things. Being in Hatfield again displayed to me how the changes which have swept across the place have given it a nuanced character. Nevertheless, despite this, I was not surprised to find other things had not changed at all. The rigidity synonymous with the University of Pretoria greeted me the moment I tried to access the campus. Not having a UP Alumni card meant that I was forced to explain to numerous security guards who I was and why I wanted access to the campus. I had to produce my green South African ID book as well, and eventually had to use a specific entrance, the Main entrance of the university, before I received any assistance. I didn't really mind having to produce my ID book before accessing campus, given the safety concerns across South African tertiary institutions.

In all honesty, I salvaged the brief opportunity I had to be in academia whilst attending to administrative affairs on the campus. The atmosphere of academia is something special for me. I used the opportunity to reflect, and to engage with students and scholars alike. Having studied at different institutions in my life, it was wonderful to have a broader perspective on matters in the academy. It was during this period that I learnt that there had been a shutdown on the UP campus due to a rape incident which had occurred. Students had demanded for action to be taken by university management in the wake of this scourge. It was also during this time, in September 2019, that one came to learn of a matter as significant in gravitas, but seemed subdued. A student had committed suicide. One does not know what may have led to the student taking such a desperate step. I can imagine the pain this may have caused to the family and the loved ones of this student. These issues were a clear sign to me that not all was well at my Alma mater. As if to indent my sentiment, my wallet got stolen at the Coffee Buzz Coffee shop. My wallet, which had several of my cards, money and Driver's license had disappeared.

The latter was reported to security at the main entrance, which in turn was relayed to the Student Service Centre and the Merensky Library security. I was then directed to see a UP Investigator at the university's administration building. I met an investigator within 2 hours of this incident. We scoured the footage, to no avail. It was at this moment that it became clear to me that UP's plan to only allow access to visitors on the campus through an approved code or password would pale in the face of current dynamics. It was obvious to me that if the university really wanted to curb theft on the campus, they would not solely rely on this new proposed system, but would also improve camera surveillance on the campus. This would ensure that criminal syndicates operating on the campus, even those run by students or workers at the university, would find that it was no longer business as usual. There was an example of this phenomenon, on the same day on which my wallet was stolen. Someone was caught red-handed trying to steal a laptop and leave the Merensky Library with it. The individual was swiftly apprehended and dispatched to the university's administration building. Unfortunately, the UP campus has blind spots as far as camera surveillance is concerned, case in point, the Coffee Buzz Coffee shop. The criminals on campus know this. The security guards on the campus are aware of this. Why UP management does not heed this counsel is a mystery.

It is also unfortunate that my experience on the UP campus was not in isolation. It was nowhere near as vexing as my experience at UCT. In March 2019, while I was doing everything in my power to attend to my academic affairs as a student at the University of Cape Town, I had to report 2 incidents (1 incident of theft, 1 incident of assault) to UCT's inept Campus Protection Services. These incidents had occurred at the UCT School of Economics Building. They threw my life into a talespin for about 2 weeks. My meeting with CPS was followed by another initial meeting with a UCT investigator, followed by a subsequent meeting with the UCT Investigator. After submitting plenty of facts and evidence, submitted over a number of days, which included a J88 form issued by the Rondebosch Police Station and ultimately submitted to a medical doctor, as well as a sworn affidavit by an eye witness of one of these matters, the UCT Investigator informed me that she would write her report and send it to UCT's Student Disciplinary Tribunal (UCT Court). She informed me that I would then be contacted by the tribunal regarding a date for the matters to be heard. To my dismay, the University of Cape Town was arrogantly dismissive of my complaint. The cases never saw the light of day. I was never contacted by the UCT Court regarding a date for the cases to be heard. When I contacted the UCT Investigator and asked for a report, as a complainant in these matters, the UCT Investigator provided no response. The veil of ignorance had been lifted. The cold and harsh reality of UCT was chilling: Africa's highest ranked academic institution, which I had held in such high esteem, is deeply flawed, in numerous ways. I encountered an institution which had a brilliant intervention in the form of the UCT Food Programme, which I was proud to be a volunteer. At times, I encountered an institution which was completely at variance with the values which it espouses to uphold. Not only was security on campus below par, UCT could not claim to have a responsive and unbiased justice apparatus. For 'where there is no explanation, there is no reason. Where there is no reason, there is no logic, and where there is no logic, there is bias."

Over the past few weeks, UCT has mourned the tragic loss of a 19-year-old student. May her precious soul rest in peace. Her brutal murder at a post office in Claremont, Cape Town, sent shockwaves and deep sadness across South Africa. It also sparked outrage and mass demonstrations across the country. This included a shutdown at UCT, as students demanded that various safety concerns be addressed by UCT management. Some of these have been addressed, and the academic programme has since continued in earnest. UCT's management has known for quite sometime now that safety and security on campus has been a major concern for students. One wonders why we had to see such a tragic loss before these concerns could be addressed.

News24

On 28 August 2019, I opened my Daily Dispatch to an article which highlighted that the University of Fort Hare was probing claims of stone pelting, attempted arson of university property and live ammunition being used by the police in trying to control a protest by students over an array of grievances, which included the state of some of the lecture halls in Alice, National Student Financial Aid-related issues and a lack of security. Five students had to be admitted to hospital at Victoria Hospital in Alice due to gunshot wounds sustained. This claim is not far-fetch in South Africa. Durban University of Technology student Mlungisi Madonsela was brutally murdered as a result of live ammunition by security personnel employed by the institution to quell a protest earlier this year. There was also another article, on the very same paper, which spoke of a fire which had broken out in a UFH chemistry building. It is understood that the fire was as a result of a chemical which exploded in the building. Alice campus SRC premier James Mfanta stated that there were no injuries, but 7 students who were in the building had to be assessed for smoke inhalation. His statement was that shortly after 13:00 on Tuesday, a fire had broken out at the chemistry building after a chemical exploded. He mentioned that these were issues which they as students had complained about, but some quarters of the public, UFH management and the media had a preoccupation with focusing on how students were slaughtering cows etc. He also stated that,"Our labs are old, the information we have is that the chemical was kept in a peanut butter container and it fell and caused the explosion. We have been raising this with management. We do not have clinics at the university and no one has come to listen to us. Management is not coming up with solutions, they are only gathering facts now... About five of the students who were there lost their computers and documents, including their IDs."

Nelson Mandela University has also had protests which took place at the university. Among these were safety concerns, as a student and lecturer had been mugged on campus. The response of the NMU management was to unleash rubber bullets by police upon students and to arrest the former SRC president. The students were met with force.

It is disappointing to note that there seems to be reactionary leadership at the helm, even at national government level. This is a far cry from having proactive leadership, leadership which is attentive, strategically adept and ensuring excellent execution of strategy in dealing with challenges. There is also a tendency to brand students who raise genuine concerns as obstinate, irascible, rogue, rudderless rabble-rousers, unfortunately until matters reach a boiling point, as has been the case time and again.

I am of the firm belief that student activism is a mainstay for progress in South African tertiary institutions: in being a vanguard voice in fearlessly championing student concerns, their plight, interests, their aspirations, and crushing injustice, wherever it rears its ugly head. I am convinced that there needs to be an independent body, not beholden to universities in any way, which will monitor and publish data frequently eg. on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis about student safety on SA campuses. Such data and reporting should include policies in place at tertiary institutions, as well as implementation metrics such as highlighting cases reported, whether such cases have been heard and whether justice has been served. This data should be made available to the international community and should be a more prominent feature in ranking universities globally.

JKSaadlaw.com

American Writer James Baldwin's view, on the decline of a kingdom, is worthy of meditation. He notes that,"Force does not work the way its advocates think it does. It does not, for example, reveal to the victim the strength of his adversary. On the contrary, it reveals the weakness, even the panic of his adversary, and this revelation invests the victim with patience. Furthermore, it is ultimately fatal to create too many victims."

Tertiary institutions should be synonymous with not only imagining and creating the future, but also with free speech, knowledge production, free and independent inquiry, critical thinking and robust debate. It is imperative for universities to be spaces of radical truthfulness and intellectual honesty. Stifling the voices of students and workers at universities is not only short-sighted, a perfect recipe for self-deceit, but is also detrimental to the academic project at large. There needs to be a better symbiosis between students, university management and workers. Upon these building blocks, we can expect vibrant spaces which produce human capital, not only for South Africa and Africa, but also for the world.